Classical Economics vs. Keynesian Economics Essay Example

Classical Economics vs. Keynesian Economics Essay Example Classical Economics vs. Keynesian Economics Essay Classical Economics vs. Keynesian Economics Essay Classical Economics vs. Keynesian Economics For the first time, the younger generations in America who have only studied about the Great Depression witnessed noticeable inflation, severe economic downturn and drastic measures taken by the U. S. government as the economic crisis unfolded. In order for us to make sense of what we have learned in the classrooms, we will examine the Classical and the Keynesian schools of the economic thought and the standpoint of Mr. Ben Bernanke and the current administration. Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations of 1776 marked the beginning of the Classical school of economic thought. It focuses on long run solutions and it’s most notable for the idea of the free market that can self-regulate and self-adjust towards equilibrium without any intervention. Another fundamental idea is the â€Å"invisible hand† mechanism that could move a market to its natural equilibrium. This school of thought is constructed on several key assumptions. First, Classical economists assume that the prices of wages and commodities to be extremely flexible. Under this assumption, there should be no unemployment and the commodity markets should always be in equilibrium. Second, the Classical economics is based on supply and the aggregate production in an economy must generate enough income to purchase all the economy’s output. Third, the household savings must equal to the capital investment expenditures. In case of inequality, the interest rates should be able to automatically restore equilibrium. As the Great Depression exposed several flaws with the Classical economics, John M. Keynes introduced the Keynesian school of thought. The Keynesian theory bluntly points out that there is no â€Å"invisible hand† which could miraculously get us out of economic difficulties, and that government intervention is critical to growth and stability. Whereas the Classical theory focuses on long run, Keynesian theory focuses on short run. It also states that there will always be unemployment and government interventions should be employed to assist the economy through rough times. Keynesian economics is also based on several key assumptions. First, prices for wages and commodities are not very flexible due to constraints such as laws, nions, long-term wage agreements and supplier contracts. Second, Keynesian economics stresses on demand and actual household disposable income. It points out that in reality, only a fraction of the household income is used for consumption expenditures. Third, Keynesian theory dictates that household savings and investments are based on disposable income and that the incentive to save fo r future investments lies with the expected rate of return. Keynesian theory also states that most of the economic problems could be solved with fiscal policy and monetary policy. At this point, one may ask what is our current administration’s standpoint. First, the government intervened and bailed out institutions that were â€Å"too big to fail. † Second, the government has been pumping money into the economy to create artificial inflation. Third, the Fed has been employing monetary policy to keep interest rates at their all time low in an effort to stimulate lending, borrowing and consumer spending. In light of the government’s recent actions, it becomes clear that Mr. Bernanke and the current administration are utilizing Keynesian economics to revive the economy.

6 steps toward a cautious career change

6 steps toward a cautious career change A life where you dread what you do every day isn’t sustainable. If you’re absolutely miserable, it’s clear you need a change- maybe even a total career overhaul. What isn’t clear is how to transfer all the hard work you’ve put into building this one career into the start of a new one. There are ways to make a big change without having to give up all the gains you’ve made so far. Let’s explore some key steps you can take.1. Define your ultimate goals.First and foremost, take a big step back and ask yourself some tough questions. What do you want out of a career, and why aren’t you getting it in your current career? Look at your life from higher up to map out the career and work life you hope to attain. Taking time to assess the situation will help you make the right choices and not rush into anything too fast.2. Pick an ideal moment.A career change is a stressful move, no matter how happy it makes you. Even if you’ve done your homework and can make the transition as smooth as possible, your life will be turned upside-down for a while. Choose a time to explore career change when everything else in your life (your family and friends, your home life, etc.) is stable and can fly on autopilot as you navigate the bumpy seas of your transition. Don’t attempt any massive job changes when you’re about to go through a massive life change, as well!3. Ask people who have found success.Seek advice from people further up the food chain who have made big career leaps. They can give real-life examples of how to handle specific situations. Ideally, you can find a mentor in the field to ask about steps for your particular industry. You’ll want to gain a full understanding of the territory you’re branching into in order to make smart, calculated moves.4. Think big, act small.Once you’re sure you have an ideal scenario of where you want to eventually end up, go  for it. Just break th at massive goal down into smaller benchmarks- goals that you can meet in the shorter term. Then put your blinders on and focus on one task at a time until you start generating the momentum to carry yourself closer to your desired endpoint.5. Test the waters.If you’re not 100% sure of what you want, don’t just leap headfirst into a new career- particularly one that will involve a major lifestyle change. Try to gain some casual experience in the field or position before you commit. The last thing you want to do is end up in a new career and hate it! Try volunteering or taking on some freelance work until you see how well you fit.6. Remain humble throughout the process.You’re making a move into a territory you can’t know as intimately as the one you’ve been in- no matter how well-respected and successful you are currently. You’ll have to start a few notches down and prove yourself. Embrace new challenges with eagerness and gratitude, and youâ⠂¬â„¢ll be fine.

IKEA Warehouse System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IKEA Warehouse System - Essay Example IKEA furniture are cheap, durable and stylish. Source: The Economist, 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/18229400 From the start, IKEA was perceived as the David of furniture stores who was willing to challenge the Goliaths of furniture dealers, for which reason it concentrated on developing top-quality, low-cost furniture (Elsner, W & Hanappi, 2008). On the other hand, the challenges posed by the group of competitors was much like that of a cartel. The Swedish furniture dealers pressured suppliers not to sell to independent manufacturers to create an artificial shortage of raw materials. They also excluded unaffiliated furniture makers and dealers from their trade fairs. Ingvar Kamprad, the founder of IKEA, saw social problems in the furniture industry, as well as a business opportunity. He saw that the great majority of people had needs which were not being met as far as the need for beautifully crafted but affordably priced furniture and household items were concerned. At the sam e time, he felt that this exclusion of the masses was not fair nor warranted, and that people of all walks of life are entitled to good furniture (Reichert, 1998, p. 3). ... The house is designed with architecture by IdeaBox, mostly straight lines with little detail. Source: Dornob, http://dornob.com/flat-pack-ikea-house-built-shipped-for-under-100000/?ref=search Kamprad was not a social idealist without a practical agenda. He saw a business opportunity in the fact that a huge market existed which was not being serviced by the existing manufacturers and their contract-bound suppliers and retailers. However, this market had a relatively low price target, therefore if the company intends to realize a profit out of its sales to this market segment then it should be able to maintain its production and distribution costs at a margin below the selling price (The Economist, 2011) Flat-packed IKEA furniture can be carted home at the back of a car without need for incurring delivery costs. The packaging also saved on store and warehouse space. Source: http://earth911.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/IKEA-Flat-Pack-300x199.jpg?84cd58 Based on this strategic directio n, the Company developed most of its product designs, supplier relationships, and customer service practices in a way that was intended to minimize production costs and maximize value for the customer. The novel idea was to produce low-cost furniture that were easy to build, and easy for the customer to assemble by himself. The principal innovation that sets IKEA apart is its flat-pack packaging that made IKEA furniture easy and cost-effective to ship, store, sell, and later set up through self-assembly. The cost savings the company realized in terms of saved store space, delivery and labour costs were passed on to the customers in terms of lower prices. In marketing, what the company essentially pioneered in is â€Å"the self-service method of selling† which, aside

Spirituality,Religion,and Social Work Research Paper

Spirituality,Religion,and Social Work - Research Paper Example The relationship between religion, spirituality and social work, however, is not a recent phenomenon, but in fact has existed historically and share a consistent relationship. Such a positive and co-dependent relationship between religion, spirituality and social work, can be attributed to the Postmodernist society we live in today, where there has been a steady and systematic increase in the introduction of new social work policies, which assimilate religion and spirituality; and where the social workers, are known to have a more positive approach towards the inclusion of religion and spirituality within the spheres of social work. There have been various studies which have documented the effect, introduction, assimilation and impact of religion and spirituality within the domains of social work (Furman, Benson, Canda, & Grimwood, 2005; Sheridan & Amato-Von Hemert, 1999; Sheridan, Bullis, Adcock, Berlin, & Miller, 1992). This paper, discusses the various signifcance of the problem, and the impact of such an inclusion on social work and workers. Definition and Meaning of Terms: Religion and Spirituality These terms are defined in various ways by different authors, and research literature on the subject implies that there is no one clear or specific definition for either of these terms. Hence defining the terms in a precise manner has been a challenging task for the authors, since it encompasses a wide area of subjects and concepts. However for the purpose of this study, a general and commonly used definition is taken into consideration. Spirituality is defined as: "a complex, intrapsychic dimension of human development† (Derezotes, 1995, p.1) â€Å"the relationship of the human person to something or someone who transcends themselves† (Bullis, 1996, p. 2), â€Å"devotion to the immaterial part of humanity and nature† (Barker, 1995, p. 363), â€Å"the human search for purpose and meaning of life experiences† (Sheridan & Amato-von Hemer t, 1999, p. 129), â€Å"a relationship to force greater than oneself† (Netting, Thibault & Ellor, 1990), and â€Å"the essence of the individual† (Carroll, 1997, p. 27), or â€Å"one’s basic nature† (Carroll, 1998, p. 2). Religion on the other hand is defined as: â€Å"the external de?nition of faith† (Joseph, 1988, p. 444), â€Å"a search for the signi?cant in ways related to the sacred† (Pargament, 2002, p. 169), â€Å"an organized set of beliefs and practices of a faith community† (Furman & Chandy, 1994, p. 21), â€Å"believing† (Gotterer, 2001, p. 188), and the â€Å"acceptance of a particular set of beliefs and ethics† (Cascio, 1998, p. 524). Thus, the definitions of spirituality and religion in general, are more or less focused on the general meaning of the terms and the areas it encompasses. There is however a subtle difference between the two, as observed from the literature. The concept of spirituality may also include a special reference to the relationship between individuals, the environment to which they belong, their traditions, customs or heritage or any higher power in which they believe (Canda, 1988; Dudley & Helfgott, 1990; Furman, Benson, Canda, & Grimwood, 2005; Joseph, 1988; Krieglstein, 2006; Hodge & McGraw, 2006). Religion on the other hand, is comparatively a narrow term, albeit more structured with regard to the beliefs, or rules followed by a community or an organization. However, there is a slight difference of opinion among various researchers and practitioners with regard to the difference between the two terms while yet others do not believe in such differences. According to some religion is more focused on communities while spirituality is an individual thing, while yet others question the

Notes from the Underground Essay Example for Free

Notes from the Underground Essay â€Å"Notes from the Underground† by Fyodor Dostoevsky, justifies that the underground hero/anit-hero is the universal man that we as a society cannot accept. Can we as a society relate to the ethics of this man, and accept it? The reader is set to ponder on why Dostoevsky would want to give such unadvisable traits to this character? Traits such as: Rude, Bad tempered, Bossy, Spoilt, lazy, unreliable, and anti-social. The answer to the question would be that Dostoevsky does not believe in the norms that the society has set for people. A few people in our society would understand, as well as relate to his intentions, aspirations, and majority of our society would perceive his actions as incompetent. Dostoevsky implies that everybody in a society acts in their own self-interest, including the Underground Man, and the world he lives in. The Underground Man as well as society, acts to gain advantages over people, or certain situations in their own self-interest. The Underground Man achieves his self-interest by, playing a mind games with his customers from work, using rudeness and intimidation. Genuine wickedness to people is his kind of self-interest. None the less; here is a character with three other major undesirable traits: perception insight, hatred, and self-punishment for his anti-socialism against society. A problem that Dostoevsky’s Underground Man has is the same problem the society suffers, which is perceptional insight on their world. The Underground Man, perceives being conscious is an illness that only paralyzes people into a corner of the world, incapable of action. His consciousness makes him aware of all of the â€Å"opposite elements† inside him, so much so that he can never make a decision or act confidently on any of his desires. He thinks people who are overly conscious, posses more than what they need for survival in the nineteenth century. He states, â€Å"The more conscious I become of goodness and all that was â€Å"sublime and beautiful,† the more deeply did I sink into the mire and the ready I was to sink into it altogether. †(Part I, Chp II, Pg 99) Another statement he makes is,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the whole nasty, disgusting part of it was that all the time I was shamefully conscious- even at the moments of my greatest exasperation. †(Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) When the Underground Man implies that his great intelligence and heightened consciousness prevent him from being an â€Å"active man,† saying that active people are always â€Å"disingenuous,† (Lacking in frankness) he is rationalizing his inability to act. However, the fact that the Underground Man deludes himself about the source of his alienation does not mean that Dostoevsky necessarily wants to glorify the â€Å"man of action. † He considers active men universally â€Å"dull and narrow-minded†, the very traits that allow them to act. The Underground Man as well as society makes one set of values correct while rejecting any other set of values, because of what they what to believe in. People are followers of their own rules, trying to block out society, and their environment for self interest purposes; purposes such as making money, street traffic, interaction with others, and etc. He dictates a list of values which are most important, and by which all humans should be driven, as he states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the legitimate result of consciousness is to make all actions impossible†¦All plain men and men of action are active only because they are dull witted and mentally undeveloped. † (Part I, Chp V, Pg 108) The Underground Man resists the idea of rational egoism, believing man to be an inherently irrational creature. Man will always try to assert his free will, even if asserting this free will goes against reason and self-interest. The Underground Man believes so because, he can think of no other explanation for the way others have treated him in his life. The perplex character of the Underground Man compares to men in society who have failed at love and social acceptance; therefore they feel the need to force false emotions. These false emotions are variables that consist of: grief, self-fulfilling prophecy, false hope, love, and so on. The Underground Man feels that he is too lazy to achieve the status of love and acceptance from anyone, which shows his mixture of false emotions. The Underground Man states, â€Å"Oh, if only I had done nothing merely out of laziness! † (Part I, Chp VI, Pg 110) Like most men in this society, the Underground Man’s irrational logic hides his inner, as well as his outer emotions. At one part in the beginning of the story, it is hard to catch where he addresses us frequently and directly, calling us â€Å"gentlemen,† (Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) and he constantly analyzes and revises his statements in the fear that we are judging him. The Underground Man treats us like a panel of hostile judges, looking down upon his underground life from our comfortable position above ground, from the vantage point of the social world he has fled. Because we are aware that the Underground Man is conscious of our presence, we must question the validity of any statements he makes about not writing for our benefit. The Underground Man is a prime example of what is known in literature as an unreliable narrator: because everything we learn from the Underground Man is filtered through the lens of our society. Anguished perspective, we can never be sure he is telling us the objective truth about anything. Dostoevsky ridicules his logic because it all implies that it could derive from hatred alone. One may hate society or a certain group of people, because of society’s outlook on what is unacceptable behavior. This leads us back to the story, â€Å"Notes from the Underground†, where the Underground Man finds himself being filled with spite towards society because; he feels that he won’t be socially accepted. The solution most people would feel from this hate would be: to become rude, angry, more competitive, and more importantly confused. While the Underground Man was a civil servant he found himself being rude to the customers, as he clearly states, â€Å"I was rude and took pleasure in being rude. Mind you, I never accepted any bribes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) Accepting bribes is common and widely tolerated. The Underground Man is filled with bitterness toward all aspects of society, but he is aware that he is powerless to act against it or within it. He cannot even manage to be a wicked civil servant. Instead, he takes his aggressions out on himself, refusing to see a doctor and remaining in an unhealthy climate out of spite. When people speak mean or rude comments to others, do you think of them as an awful person? Most people like the Underground Man act like this because; it is a safe way to let out their emotions without physical repercussions, towards another human being. Everybody has an evil side in them, some are willing to show, but others are afraid because of the consequences given by the law. An example would be: on the night the Underground Man went to the tavern to socialize, he found himself in a situation where he was being physically picked up, and moved to the side, for he was in the way of the army officer. Instead of retaliating against this officer, he found himself becoming obsessed with revenge after the fact of what happened. At that point in time, he wanted to be socially accepted by getting into a fight with the officer; instead he found himself being moved to the side like he was absolutely nothing. â€Å"I could have forgiven him if he had given me a beating, but I could not forgive him for having moved me from one place to another as if I were a piece of furniture. † (Part II, Chp I, Pg 137) The Underground Mans interaction with the soldier, however pathetic it may appear, has its roots in ideas of justice and revenge. The Underground Man wants to walk with the officer as an equal, but when he tries to put this progressive idea into practice, he fails. The people, who starve for social interaction would want so much as a fight to come their way, so in some form they are socially accepted. People like the Underground Man try to balance interpersonal engagements with â€Å"time spent alone† but, yet they differ from the degree of enjoyment, engaging in social activities; such as taking a walk in the park, movies, trying out a youth group/study group, visiting art exhibits, and so on. These different desires are strong functions to spend time alone, verses wanting to socialize with other people. Going back to the Underground Man, another example of hatred/revenge towards society would be when: he begins to preach false inspiration to a prostitute on how to live life, after the fact of sleeping with her. â€Å"I turned away in disgust. I was no longer reasoning coldly†¦ I was already longing to expound my own favorite little notions which had nursed so lovingly in my funk-hole. † (Part II, Chp VI, Pg 177) Interestingly, the Underground Man does not, for once, recognize the literary tradition behind his mission. He feels that he is manipulating the prostitute with his sentimental language, and he both enjoys and feels ashamed of the feeling of power this manipulation gives him. He does not; however, appear to recognize the sources of his story as readily as he recognizes other literary influences to which he refers early in the novel. Instead, the Underground Man tells us in retrospect, he genuinely felt the things he was saying, even as he was aware that he was manipulating the prostitute. Situations like these give men a sense of dominance, and superiority towards people that are mentally weak. They lash out all of their social frustrations, trying to make ends meet. This is their way of payback on society. Another relationship of hatred would be between the Underground Man, and Apollon (His Servant). The Underground Man wants it to be known that, he hates Apollon for his rudeness and churlish behavior. The Underground Man states, â€Å"For years on end we had been continually squabbling, and I hated him. † (Part II, Chp VIII, Pg 196) The Underground Mans burning hatred of Apollon stems from a similar desire for domination. The Underground Man wants to feel he can dominate Apollon completely, as Apollon is his servant and depends on him for wages. Once again this is an example of the Underground Man hating something he has little to no control over. People hate things they have no control over out of fear, this is a common human characteristic in all of us. They try to become dominant towards another person to no prevail. If there was more control applied over what you fear, then there wouldn’t be much to worry about, right? Being filled with so much hatred towards society, can ultimately lead into situations of self-punishment. With the Underground Man symbolizing men in our society, why exactly would people inflict self-harm? People want attention from society, punishing themselves mentally or physically may be their only solution to their problems. They avoid professional help because; they don’t want to be considered crazy. The Underground Man shows self-punishment in the beginning of the story, when he refuses medical attention for his dying liver. â€Å"Still, the fact remains that if I refuse to be medically treated, it is only out of spite. My liver hurts me – well, let it damn well hurt – the more it hurts the better. † (Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) This behavior is the first evidence we have of the Underground Mans gratification, his enjoyment of his own pain and humiliation. He is punishing himself, in spite of the society. People like him are hedonistic; they want to exert some type of power over someone in a certain situation, for self-gratification. Humans make choices based on complex and irrational emotions, because they have no acceptable logic within doing it. Their lives cannot be determined by equations based on their own self-interest. Throughout Dostoevsky’s stories, self-punishment is found in almost all of his characters. The character closest to the Underground Man, would be, the man from â€Å"The Dream of the Ridiculous Man†. Here is another Dostoevsky character that can’t find his place in the world, and feels as if he doesn’t deserve to live. â€Å"I made up my mind to kill myself that night. I had made up my mind to kill myself already two months before and, poor as I am, I bought myself an excellent revolver and loaded it the same day. † (Dostoevsky, TDOARM, Pg 206) The Ridiculous Mans idea of self-punishment is a lot more intense than the character from â€Å"Notes of the Underground†, but none the less they are practically identical. The Underground Man is perceived as a universal character in most, if not all of Dostoevsky stories. His struggles with anti-socialism and other traits are similar to all of Dostoevsky’s characters. Dostoevsky incorporates our human struggles into his stories, to take the reader on an emotional journey. Dostoevsky’s characters are leading examples of the people in our society, who cannot find themselves to be accepted, therefore this people want to punish themselves for something they have little control over. Conclusion: Dostoevsky makes his point by introducing characters whose actions are the exact opposite to what is good for them. The Underground Man especially makes choices that go against the societal self-interest values, such as anti-socialism, where time after time in the story he proved he can’t handle the social aspects of life. He does things that seem completely irrational and illogical, if he wants to become happy. He compromises decency, dignity, friendship, kindness, and all other values to his vicious traits, all in the name of happiness. The whole story is a horrible account of the man’s anti-social nature and actions; while uncanny similarities rise between him and our society. Why would a man with capabilities such as the Underground Man, not strive every moment to socialize while being happy, free, and prosperous? Dostoevsky answers, simply, but brilliantly, with amazing insight into human nature: â€Å"Because he does not want to. † (Dostoevsky)

Ernest Hemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity Essay -- Hemingway Code He

Ernest Hemingway’s Portrayal of Masculinity When thinking of masculinity in literature, one author has who has become synonymous with manliness comes to mind, Ernest Hemingway. Critics have spent countless hours studying his writing in order to gain insight into his world of manly delights, including his views on sex, war, and sport. His views can be seen through his characters, his themes and even his style of writing. The characters in Hemingway’s stories reveal much about how he feels about men and the role they should play in society. Most of Hemingway’s male characters can be split into one of two groups. The first of which is the â€Å"Code† Hero. This is the tough, macho guy who chooses to live his life by following a â€Å"code of honor, courage, chivalry, honestly, and the ability to bear pain with resistance and dignity, and does not whine when defeated† (Scott, 217). This hero is Hemingway’s ideal man, whom every man should want to become. Robert Penn Warren writes of the â€Å"code† hero: [Hemingway’s] heroes are not squealers, welchers, compromisers, or cowards, and when they confront defeat they realize that the stance they take, the stoic endurance, the stiff upper lip means a kind of victory. If they are to be defeated they are defeated upon their own terms; some of them have even courted their defeat; and certainly they have maintained, even in the practical defeat, an ideal of themselves – some definition of how a man should behave, formulated or unformulated – by which they have lived. They represent some notion of a code, some notion of honor, that makes a man a man, and that distinguishes him from people who merely follow their random impulses and who are, by consequence, â€Å"messy.† (Warren, 79) Hemingway also seems to associate acts of violence with masculinity. Nathan Scott Jr. writes of Hemingway’s manliest characters: Whatever they do, whether it be bullfighting or fishing or prizefighting or hunting lions in the African bush or blowing up bridges as a military saboteur – is done with consummate skill and with pride of craft; they are tough and competent: they can be counted on in a tight squeeze, and they do not cheat or squeal or flinch at the prospect of danger. (Scott, 217) Examples of the â€Å"code† hero in Hemingway’s work include Manuel the bullfighter, in â€Å"The Undefeated† he fights with a noble dignity even when he is je... ...lso the idea that because the hero lives by his code, he is able to â€Å"live properly in the world of violence, disorder, and misery in which he inhabits† (Baker, 15). The young waiter who hopes to one-day become a noble bullfighter in â€Å"The Capital of the World† illustrates this point. After performing gallantly, he takes his defeat with a sense of pride and chivalry allowing him to die the only real death in Hemingway’s mind, the death of a real man. Sources Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. New York: Scribner’s, 1969. Fiedler, Leslie A. Love and Death in the American Novel. New York: Criterion Books, 1960. 304-09. Strychancz, Thomas. â€Å"The Sort of Thing You Never Should Admit.† Boys Don’t Cry: Rethinking Narratives of Masculinity and Emotion in the US. Eds. Millette Shamir, Jennifer Travis. New York: Columbia University Press. 2002. 140-72. Wagner, Linda Welshimer, Ed. Ernest Hemingway: Five Decades of Criticism. Michigan State University Press, 1974. Holder, Alan. â€Å"The Other Hemingway.† Wagner. 103-08. Scott, Nathan, Jr. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway, A Critical Essay.† Wagner. 210-18. Warren, Robert Penn. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway.† Wagner. 77-101.

Nepali Music

Nepal Music The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage,festivals or National events. Various songs, musical instruments and dances are connected with various religious, social and cultural life of the Nepalese. Music is the heartbeat of Nepal. Music is associated to every event of life, then be it festivals, feasts, marriage, birth ceremonies or funeral processions.The main genres of Nepali music are pop, rock, folk, and classical. There are a number of other genres that are yet to be cataloged. Fast Facts Traditional Nepali Music| Imported Music| Newari Music| Indian MusicBhajanFilmi music| Khas Music| Western MusicRock & RollRockMetalLatinoPunkHip-HopRap| Gurung Music| | Kirant Music| | Tamang Music| | Magar Music| | Sherpa Music| | Maithili Music| | Bhojpuri Music| | Popular Indigenous Nepalese Music The foll owing music genres have their roots in Nepal and are therefore considered to be indigenous.This includes:- Newari Music The Newars are well-known for their Newari music. It mainly consists of percussion instruments, some wind instruments and no string instruments. All the castes have their musical tunes and bands. Music is cherished by people of all walks of life. There are tunes of certain festivals and seasons and even of certain times of day. The God of artists called Nasadya is found in all the Newar localities. The presence of a Newari musical band in a guthi is considered as a sign of opulence. Khas MusicKhas music belongs to the Khas society where castes like Damai used to play a number of instruments on occasions such as marriages, birth and other feasts. This tradition is now on decline owing to the growing popularity of television, radio and other means of mass communication. The minstrels used to play instruments like Sarangi but even the Gaine are declining in number. La tin music history Latin music  is the result of a complex social and historical process that took place in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus.Despite the traumatic experience, Latin music is one of the positive outcomes that came from that process. The following is a brief introduction to Latin music history that takes a look at the cultural mix and social environment that ended up producing one of the best music genres in the entire world. Indigenous Music Generally speaking, Latin music history starts with the cultural encounter that occurred after the arrival of Columbus. However, it is important to remember that the indigenous people of the New World had their own music.For instance, the Maya culture gave great attention to music producing all kinds of percussion and wind instruments. Wind instruments were very popular among Pre-Columbian cultures. All kinds of flutes were made all over the American continent and fortunately, this original expression has persisted to d ate intraditional Latin music  like South America's Andean music. The Arrival of Europeans to The New World Language was the first contribution that the Spanish and Portuguese powers brought to the New World.Latin music is, in fact, defined to a large extend by the Spanish and Portuguese languages. While Portuguese came to define the music from  Brazil, Spanish language defined the rest of Latin America. The second contribution that Europeans brought to the new land was their music. In fact, when the Spanish conquerors arrived to the American continent their homeland had rich musical expressions that included traditions from both the European and the Arab worlds. Along with their music, Europeans also brought their instruments.Originally, these instruments were intended to recreate the music that was played in Europe. However, they soon became the ideal tools to express the feelings of the new inhabitants that were defining the roots of Latin America. The African Influence The A frican slaves that arrived to the New World brought with them all the traditions and beats from their continent. The African influence in Latin music is so big that this could be the single most important element in Latin music history. That influence, of course, does not touch all the rhythms and styles that belong to Latin music.However, if we just take a look at the music that has come from Brazil and the Caribbean, then we know how significant this influence is. Samba,  Salsa,  Merengue,  Bachata,  Timba, and many more, are just some of the rhythms that have been shaped by African beats. The full picture about this influence includes also African-American music. In particular, the development of Jazz had a tremendous impact in the making of Latin music rhythms such as Mambo,Bossa Nova, and Latin Jazz. More recently, African-American styles like R;B and Hip-Hop have defined the development of  Latin music genres  such asReggaeton  and Urban music.A Social Phenomenon The encounter of the three cultures mentioned before created the dynamic social environment that has shaped Latin music since the colonial times. This environment has been nurtured by foreign sounds, regional traditions, class divisions, and even national identities. Latin Pop  and  Rock en Espanol  have been shaped by the foreign sounds of Rock, Alternative and Pop music. Regional traditions like the cowboy way of life in the plains of  Colombia  and Venezuela have produced  Llanera  music.Social conditions, especially those created by immigration and class divisions, are behind the development of  Tango  in Argentina. Traditional Mexican music  was largely defined by a feeling of national identity that was incorporated into Mariachi music after the Mexican Revolution. Considering all this, a serious study of Latin music history is definitely an overwhelming task. However, there is no other way to deal with it. Latin music is a complex phenomenon that reflects the complex history of Latin America, a mixed region whose social environment has forged some of the most beautiful sounds in the world. Nepali Music Nepal Music The rhythm, beats, bounce of Nepali traditional folk and classical music is spiritual enough to sooth you and entertaining enough to cheer you. Music is associated with every event in Nepal, then be it birth, marriage,festivals or National events. Various songs, musical instruments and dances are connected with various religious, social and cultural life of the Nepalese. Music is the heartbeat of Nepal. Music is associated to every event of life, then be it festivals, feasts, marriage, birth ceremonies or funeral processions.The main genres of Nepali music are pop, rock, folk, and classical. There are a number of other genres that are yet to be cataloged. Fast Facts Traditional Nepali Music| Imported Music| Newari Music| Indian MusicBhajanFilmi music| Khas Music| Western MusicRock & RollRockMetalLatinoPunkHip-HopRap| Gurung Music| | Kirant Music| | Tamang Music| | Magar Music| | Sherpa Music| | Maithili Music| | Bhojpuri Music| | Popular Indigenous Nepalese Music The foll owing music genres have their roots in Nepal and are therefore considered to be indigenous.This includes:- Newari Music The Newars are well-known for their Newari music. It mainly consists of percussion instruments, some wind instruments and no string instruments. All the castes have their musical tunes and bands. Music is cherished by people of all walks of life. There are tunes of certain festivals and seasons and even of certain times of day. The God of artists called Nasadya is found in all the Newar localities. The presence of a Newari musical band in a guthi is considered as a sign of opulence. Khas MusicKhas music belongs to the Khas society where castes like Damai used to play a number of instruments on occasions such as marriages, birth and other feasts. This tradition is now on decline owing to the growing popularity of television, radio and other means of mass communication. The minstrels used to play instruments like Sarangi but even the Gaine are declining in number. La tin music history Latin music  is the result of a complex social and historical process that took place in the Americas after the arrival of Columbus.Despite the traumatic experience, Latin music is one of the positive outcomes that came from that process. The following is a brief introduction to Latin music history that takes a look at the cultural mix and social environment that ended up producing one of the best music genres in the entire world. Indigenous Music Generally speaking, Latin music history starts with the cultural encounter that occurred after the arrival of Columbus. However, it is important to remember that the indigenous people of the New World had their own music.For instance, the Maya culture gave great attention to music producing all kinds of percussion and wind instruments. Wind instruments were very popular among Pre-Columbian cultures. All kinds of flutes were made all over the American continent and fortunately, this original expression has persisted to d ate intraditional Latin music  like South America's Andean music. The Arrival of Europeans to The New World Language was the first contribution that the Spanish and Portuguese powers brought to the New World.Latin music is, in fact, defined to a large extend by the Spanish and Portuguese languages. While Portuguese came to define the music from  Brazil, Spanish language defined the rest of Latin America. The second contribution that Europeans brought to the new land was their music. In fact, when the Spanish conquerors arrived to the American continent their homeland had rich musical expressions that included traditions from both the European and the Arab worlds. Along with their music, Europeans also brought their instruments.Originally, these instruments were intended to recreate the music that was played in Europe. However, they soon became the ideal tools to express the feelings of the new inhabitants that were defining the roots of Latin America. The African Influence The A frican slaves that arrived to the New World brought with them all the traditions and beats from their continent. The African influence in Latin music is so big that this could be the single most important element in Latin music history. That influence, of course, does not touch all the rhythms and styles that belong to Latin music.However, if we just take a look at the music that has come from Brazil and the Caribbean, then we know how significant this influence is. Samba,  Salsa,  Merengue,  Bachata,  Timba, and many more, are just some of the rhythms that have been shaped by African beats. The full picture about this influence includes also African-American music. In particular, the development of Jazz had a tremendous impact in the making of Latin music rhythms such as Mambo,Bossa Nova, and Latin Jazz. More recently, African-American styles like R;B and Hip-Hop have defined the development of  Latin music genres  such asReggaeton  and Urban music.A Social Phenomenon The encounter of the three cultures mentioned before created the dynamic social environment that has shaped Latin music since the colonial times. This environment has been nurtured by foreign sounds, regional traditions, class divisions, and even national identities. Latin Pop  and  Rock en Espanol  have been shaped by the foreign sounds of Rock, Alternative and Pop music. Regional traditions like the cowboy way of life in the plains of  Colombia  and Venezuela have produced  Llanera  music.Social conditions, especially those created by immigration and class divisions, are behind the development of  Tango  in Argentina. Traditional Mexican music  was largely defined by a feeling of national identity that was incorporated into Mariachi music after the Mexican Revolution. Considering all this, a serious study of Latin music history is definitely an overwhelming task. However, there is no other way to deal with it. Latin music is a complex phenomenon that reflects the complex history of Latin America, a mixed region whose social environment has forged some of the most beautiful sounds in the world.

Sop for Informationsecurity

STATEMENT OF PURPOSE Name: Degree sought: Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) My decision to pursue Post Graduate study in the United Kingdom is underscored by my desire to be a part of the post graduate program at your institution. This university offers the flexibility needed for such a vast rapidly changing field. The facilities and the faculty at the university are par excellent. Information Technology is an industry that has changed our lives. In a very short period it has changed the way we have looked at the things since centuries. It is one industry that is going to shape our future for centuries to come. So doing a masters degree in Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) is next logical step in my career. My interest in Information Security blossomed during my Graduation where Computer Science was my major subject. Right since the beginning of my undergraduate study Information Systems and Security is a subject that has fascinated me a lot. The subjects I have studied at my graduation level include Computer Science, Statistics and Mathematics. This laid strong foundation for my course in Computer Science. My undergraduate studies already focus on the Information processing and security and also statistical analysis of data which are extensively used in Information processing. After this I have joined level 1 course of M. I. T (Master of Information Technology) which was a joint program organized by B. M. Birla Science Centre (India) and University of Udine (Italy). During Level 1 of Masters degree, my interest for Information Security got even more boost with subjects like Advanced Computer Networks, Computer Security and Management Information Systems and I was awestruck by the vastness of Information Security and how far we can use this features to secure our data and also safeguarding our networks. All this gave me a strong desire to do a full fledge masters degree in Information Security and Computer Networks and the course offered by your university in Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) will be an ideal course for me to become master in the area which I have been fascinated since long years. For the past months I have done a certification in Computer Networks from Zoom Technologies. This short sting has given me invaluable practical experience in various Computer Networks. During this time I have come across several professionals. Most of them working in different areas of communications and information technology. Interactions with them have made me realize how rewardful it will be doing a masters and later PhD in this area. My discussion with them convinced me that specializing in Information Systems and Security will suit me very well. It has given me the confidence to pursue a Masters degree and also kindled a desire to do research in this area. After proper examining contents of the course in Information Security and Computer Forensics (ISCF) provided by the University I am very much convinced that this course would give me a cutting edge in the area of Information Security and Computer Forensics and a lifetime opportunity of doing a research. It is strong belief in my family that the UK education system has the best to offer in the whole world. If I can get an opportunity to be a part of that intellectual stimulating environment, I am sure my talents will be put to optimal use. With all the educational background and qualifications I have, I hope University will consider me for pursuing Masters Degree. Yours sincerely,

The Photon Definition and Effects

The Photon Definition and Effects The photon description Basically, a photon may be termed as a quantum, a detached packet of light or an electromagnetic power. This implies that the photon occurs as an electromagnetic force carter, a different kind of electromagnetic radiation and a light quantum. The electromagnetic force effects can simply be observed under the macroscopic and atomic level since the photon is massless at rest.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Photon Definition and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, the photon seems to be constantly moving and while in vacuities, each and every viewer can tell that it bears a constant velocity of light which is 2.998108 meters per second. This readily lets in the long distance interactions. However, given that the photon appears like any other elementary particle, it is presently best described as a duality particle which exhibits both the properties of particles as well as waves (Griffiths 15). The photon properties From the theory of light, the photon: Have zero rest energy and mass Can have collisions or particle like interactions with other particles and electrons Can move in free space at a constant light speed of 2.998108 m/s Can be created or destroyed when the emission or absorption of radiation occurs Carries momentum and energy that similarly relates to electromagnetic wavelength lambda and the frequency nu. Lab experiments about the photon Various laboratory experiments have been conducted to prove the viability of the above named photon properties. These are as subsequently discussed. Experiments conducted on the mass of a photon Photon is still perceived to be massless, and this has been subject to experimental investigations. Lab results show that if a photon particle has some mass, it will fail to travel at a similar velocity as light when in a free space. The speed will rely on its frequency yet it will be lower. Since its relativi ty is not affected by this factor, the light velocity will not be the definite speed that the photon will move at. It will rather be a constant speed that an object can hypothetically reach as its maximum while in a free space (Grangier et al. 74). This means that it will not be the photons speed, but the space time velocity for gravitons and gravitational waves. Under Coulombs law, the effects of a massive photon are made apparent. The electromagnetic fields are seen to have some degrees of freedom with the modification of this law. The tentative lab review indicated that the quantity of a photon produces very complex upshots in comparison to the reliance on the light velocity frequency.Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, if this law is held invalid, the subjection of a photon to external electric fields would cause some electric field to be present withi n the hollow-conductor. This means that there is some accuracy that a photon bears no mass this law (Dehlinger and Mitchell 903). Finally, in a galactic vector potential experiment, it was observed that when a photon has no mass, magnetic field will be observed and the reverse also holds. The particle-wave duality Just like any other quantum element, the photon tends to display the characteristic of both particles and waves. It is very hard to visualize the particle-wave dualistic nature. However, laboratory experiments confirm that the photon noticeably shows waves-like occurrences namely interfering as well as diversion on its wavelength measures. For instance, in an experimental illustration, there was a real slit that was ran across, and one photon which passed through that double slit experiment landed on the used screen and exhibited the interference incidence (Hardy 1666). Founded on Maxwell photon function, such an occurrence is dubbed as chance distribution. The laboratory experiment nonetheless verified that the photons barely fragment or divide when they are meeting ray-splitters. Moreover, they hardly sprawl as they propagate since they are not tiny electromagnetic energy beats. Most experiments indicate that photons are more similar to the point like particles. From these experiments, the assertions are that the photons are emitted and absorbed in totality by very lesser systems as compared with their wavelengths and these include the point like electrons or even the atomic nucleus which approximately measures 10-15 metres across. Einstein and other scientist conceived that photons are point like units whose paths become formed by chance. Current lab experiments have shown that this is not the case and the proposition was disproved by the lab experiments known as the photon correlation experiment (Hardy 1667). The experiments showed that the photons produce the electromagnetic fields by themselves that sequentially stem from the quantum field theo retical laws and the local gauge symmetry. Furthermore, as photons pass via the double slit experiments, corresponding interference patterns are likely to be generated by both the material particles along with the photons. With respect to the measurable atoms, such an incidence takes place due to Schrodinger wave-function. In contrast, Maxwell light-wave interfering is assumed to be the basis in relation to the photons.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Photon Definition and Effects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, physicists have disagreed with the assumption that both Schrodinger and Maxwell equations for the proton are similar. Mathematically, lab experiments have disproved this postulation by showing that they are totally different because the probability wave function by Schrodinger merely explains the complex fields whilst the equation formed by Maxwell explains issues encountered in the re al field. Schrodinger equation is hence not applicable to the photons. Since photons have no masses, their localization cannot happen without any destruction (Kwiat and Hardy 34). The lab experiment nullification of the Heisenberg normal uncertainty principle which was linked to photons implies that it is only the second quantum photons theory that is generally accepted by physicists. The life cycle of the photon All photons normally behave in a similar way. In vacuums, photons tend to travel at a similar velocity with other forms of energies. Light which is defined as photons permits the disappearance as well as the absorption of light that is to be visualized. On metal surfaces, when an incident of the photons occurs, all energies will be transferred to the electrons and the photon will disappear (Hardy 1666). The electron which has the photon charges will then depart the metallic cover. This is illustrated in the diagram 1 below. In diagram 1, all the energies are transferred to electrons by the photon incident that takes place on the metal surface within a free space. In fact, photoelectric effect occurs if an electron that has the photon energy tries to leave the metal surface but becomes detected. At exceptional high powers, photons could produce electrons. At this point, positrons (anti particles of an electron which is definitely indicted with matching electron mass) in addition to electrons are formed at great resultant powers. The gamma-ray similarly dubbed as great electrical powers vanishes when positrons in addition electrons are made in the brace making. See diagram 2 below. Advertising Looking for research paper on natural sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The electron anti-particles along with the electrons which are reversely indicted particles mutually reunite then vanish when the photon is formed. When visible light is available, the created photons become engrossed and then vanish as they give their energy to the furthest atomic electrons which seem to be seized in position by little electron voltage energy. Diagram 3 below exhibits an eventual photon that loses its energies and disappears through transferring electrons to upper energy levels. The path taken by light is always reversible under bending and mirror image. An identical reversibility is usually found when electron and photons interacts. In diagram 3 above, when the energetic electron goes back to the initial place, the energy transferred during the shift from higher energy states to lower states materializes in form of the photon. In pair production, similar reversibility is also apparent (Hardy 1667). The entire processes are what give rise to the photon life cycle which is represented by the creation and disappearance of photons and electrons. Basically, the photon life-cycle is soundly expounded on by photons as well as electrons interfaces as revealed in chart 4 below. In this diagram, the electron life cycle shows that when an electron loses energy at point ‘a’, it leads to the creation of the photon. This photon at point ‘b’ travels within the available space and encounters the electron at point ‘c’ then it vanishes. Conclusion Even though the photon is massless, it appears as a simple atom or particle. Laboratory experiments have shown that the photon might not decay by itself even when its energy is produced and transmitted as the photon interacts with another particle. Further, experiments have shown that the photon appears to be electrically neutral and bear particles which are similar to the anti-photons. Dehlinger, David and Wilson Mitchell. Entangled photons, non-locality, and Bell inequali ties in the undergraduate laboratory. American Journal of Physics 70 (2002): 903-910. Print. Grangier, Peter, Greg Roger and Andrea Aspect. Experimental evidence for a photon anti-correlation effect on a beam splitter: A new light on single-photon interferences. Euro physics Letter 1 (1986): 173-179. Print. Griffiths, David. Introduction to Elementary Particles, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2008. Print. Hardy, Larry. ‘‘No locality for two particles without inequalities for almost all entangled states.’’ Phys. Rev. Lett. 71.2(1993): 1665–1668. Print. Kwiat, Paul and Larry Hardy. â€Å"The mystery of the quantum cakes.† American Journal of Physics 68 (2000): 33-36. Print.

Example of Normal Approximation of a Binomial Distribution

Example of Normal Approximation of a Binomial Distribution The binomial distribution involves a discrete random variable. Probabilities in a binomial setting can be calculated in a straightforward way by using the formula for a binomial coefficient. While in theory, this is an easy calculation, in practice it can become quite tedious or even computationally impossible to calculate binomial probabilities. These issues can be sidestepped by instead using a normal distribution to approximate a binomial distribution.  We will see how to do this by going through the steps of a calculation. Steps to Using the Normal Approximation First, we must determine if it is appropriate to use the normal approximation. Not every binomial distribution is the same. Some exhibit enough skewness that we cannot use a normal approximation. To check to see if the normal approximation should be used, we need to look at the value of p, which is the probability of success, and n, which is the number of observations of our binomial variable. In order to use the normal approximation, we consider both np and n( 1 - p ). If both of these numbers are greater than or equal to 10, then we are justified in using the normal approximation. This is a general rule of thumb, and typically the larger the values of np and n( 1 - p ), the better is the approximation. Comparison Between Binomial and Normal We will compare an exact binomial probability with that obtained by a normal approximation. We consider the tossing of 20 coins and want to know the probability that five coins or less were heads. If X is the number of heads, then we want to find the value: P(X 0) P(X 1) P(X 2) P(X 3) P(X 4) P(X 5). The use of the binomial formula for each of these six probabilities shows us that the probability is 2.0695%. We will now see how close our normal approximation will be to this value. Checking the conditions, we see that both np and np(1 - p) are equal to 10. This shows that we can use the normal approximation in this case. We will utilize a normal distribution with mean of np 20(0.5) 10 and a standard deviation of (20(0.5)(0.5))0.5 2.236. To determine the probability that X is less than or equal to 5 we need to find the z-score for 5 in the normal distribution that we are using. Thus z (5 – 10)/2.236 -2.236. By consulting a table of z-scores we see that the probability that z is less than or equal to -2.236 is 1.267%. This differs from the actual probability but is within 0.8%. Continuity Correction Factor To improve our estimate, it is appropriate to introduce a continuity correction factor. This is used because a normal distribution is continuous whereas the binomial distribution is discrete. For a binomial random variable, a probability histogram for X 5 will include a bar that goes from 4.5 to 5.5 and is centered at 5. This means that for the above example, the probability that X is less than or equal to 5 for a binomial variable should be estimated by the probability that X is less than or equal to 5.5 for a continuous normal variable. Thus z (5.5 – 10)/2.236 -2.013. The probability that z

In a Better World by Susanne Bier Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

In a Better World by Susanne Bier - Movie Review Example His separation from his wife Marianne has made an impact on the lives of his two sons, specifically, their separation has influenced on the life of his 12 years old son, Elias, who becomes the victim of school bullying. On the other hand, we have a life of Christian who has just shifted back to Denmark from London with his rich-businessman father, Claus. Both of the men are suffering from the death of Christian’s mother, who just died due to cancer. Christian accuses his father of hiding the real state of his mother’s condition till the last moments. With so much anger that is buried deep inside him, he confronts Elias’ oppressors. On one hand, the boys were trying to overcome the schoolyard bullying and, on the other hand, Anton is dealing with a challenging situation in the Sudanese refugee camp. His problem revolves around a person who terrifies his people by cutting open the stomach of the women he sexually assaulted and impregnated in order to verify the gen der of his child. Anton is not sure whether he should or he should not save the life of such a person. Theme and Story of the Movie: The theme of the movie revolves around justice, equality and freedom. ... The whole idea revolves around how Anton fulfills his commitment to his profession and how Christian establishes freedom for the young guy. The story also revolves around the complexities that have surrounded the relationships in society. For instance, Christian relationship with his father, Anton’s with his wife and the emerging friendship between the young Christian and Elias. It projects how relationships can influence a person’s life and how strong or weaker a person can become with or without a sincere relationship in his life. These are a few of the things that people and society, in general, lack today.