Trafficking of African Women and Girls Essay Example for Free

Trafficking of African Women and Girls EssayINTRODUCTION Human trafficking, the modern euphemism for slavery, is a major problem in Africa. The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of arrive at for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms. This is an inhuman condition which cannot be allowed to emerge, as it tarnishes the color of human race and civilized society.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Poverty, social disruption and family pressures and counterbalance natural disasters sow the seeds for the practice, while armed conflict, corrupt governments and a universal demand for cheap labor help reap the crops of new victims. Africa needs to evince stronger laws against the trafficking of women and children on and from the continent as well as better child-labor laws, a former U.S. ambassador to Madagascar told members of the newly reconstituted Africa, Global Human Rights, and International Operations.One should investigating into the causes and forms of violence against women, looking at the relationship between poverty, militarization and discrimination. Women are forced to compete for work in conditions of thorough trip outual development, often world exposed to dotty sexual practices, high levels of HIV, violence and murder. Amnesty International shows how women excite led campaigns against all forms of violence and boast achieved dramatic changes in laws, policies and practices. deduction Countries, organization and hatful should unite to fight against and encounter the grim condition emerging on the African soil. One should tap into the greatest resource in Africa Women and give them a bright and promising future.Thesis ProposalHuman trafficking tarnishes the global expression today, as slavery used to decades ago. The women and girls are vulnerable to exploitation within the country as well as out of the country. The trafficking of women and girls for prostitution is big business. The horrific experiences o f migrant women and girls, who have very little choice or control over their lives is a sad tale.Women are forced to compete for work in conditions of extreme sexual exploitation, often being exposed to risky sexual practices, high levels of HIV, violence and murder. The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of profit for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms. Africa needs to establish stronger laws against trafficking of women and girls, supported by democracy, Amnesty International, Human Rights and former(a) world forums.The fundamental source of trafficking is the lack of awareness, insufficient support, lack of education, vulnerability of women as a grammatical gender. On an planetary scene explosion of organized crime and easy access to transportation of Humans women and girls crossways border with a promise for better and brighter picture. The dependant status of this gender further encourages trapped into such practices, even with out conscious will. The national consciousness, international legal support and geographic migration laws have to join hands to require about effective change in the depressing condition of women and girls in Africa. The human rights should play a forceful role backed by omnipotent countries to support in aid and legislation with severe penalties for the offenders. This is an inhuman condition which cannot be allowed to emerge, as it tarnishes the color of human race and civilized society. Countries, organization and people should unite to fight against and encounter the grim condition emerging on the African soil. One should tap into the greatest resource in Africa Women and give them a bright and promising future.Rajgopal, offers great insight into this field with his inquiry experience in South and Southeast Asia, South Africa and Brazil. His afoot(predicate) investigation into four ares of research new democratic and legal strategies for operationalizing socio-economic right s, especially rights to water, food, land, housing, and environment in India, South Africa and Brazil the impact of globalization and decentralization on protection of human rights the office of international organizations and corporate compliance with human rights law. He helped establish first human-rights field office in CambodiaHelped establish the first human-rights field office of the unite Nations in the mid-1990s and has been a consultant to several international organizations and NGOs on development-related human rights and legal issues. Member of the Asia Advisory Board of Human Rights gibe, the Executive Council of the American hostelry of International Law and the International Advisory Board of the Robert Kennedy Memorial Center for Human Rights.Annotated BibliographyMonzini, Paola (2005) SEX TRAFFIC Prostitution, Crime, and Exploitation.United kingdom Zed Books. The trafficking of women and girls for prostitution is big business. This daybook focuses on the experi ences of migrant women and girls who have very little choice or control over their lives. Women are forced to compete for work in conditions of extreme sexual exploitation, often being exposed to risky sexual practices, high levels of HIV, violence and murder. This book examines the techniques of recruitment, methods of transportation, and forms of exploitation abroad, and focuses on womens own experiences of migration. It explains the mechanisms of supply and demand and assesses attempts at controlling trafficking and strategies for resistance and change.Hallam, Rebecca (1994) CRIMES WITHOUT PUNISHMENT Sexual Harassment and violence Against Female Students in Schools and Universities in Africa. United kingdomAfrican Rights. This is a discussion opus addressing the widespread and persistent problem of sexual harassment and violence against women and girls in educational institutions in Africa. The paper also deals with wider problems of teenage pregnancy and lack of sex education i n schools, and the specific problem of rape by forces of the state, such as soldiers and policemen.Oguli Oumo, Margaret Molokomme, Imelda M. Gwaba, Monde M. Mogegeh, Valencia K.D (2002) PROMOTING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO COMBAT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE A training manual. United Kingdom Commonwealth Secretariat This is a manual promoting an integrating approach to combat gender based violence with governments, non governmental organizations, hush-hush sector and international organizations working together. It includes instructional material and case studies for training trainers, middle level professionals, development workers and extension agentsAmnesty International (2004) ITS IN OUR give Stop Violence Against Women. United Kingdom Amnesty International. This is an investigation into the causes and forms of violence against women, looking at the relationship between poverty, militarization and discrimination. Amnesty International shows how women have led campaigns against all fo rms of violence and have achieved dramatic changes in laws, policies and practices.Commonwealth Secretariat (2003) REPORT OF THE EXPERT GROUP ON STRATEGIES FOR COMBATING THE TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN. United Kingdom Commonwealth Secretariat. The trafficking in women and girls is now considered the third largest source of profit for organized crime, behind only drugs and arms. This concise report describes the political and social background to the trade across the Commonwealth and looks at prevention strategies and assistance to victims. Bib, Akintunde, Dorcas Olu Labeodan Helen (2002) WOMEN AND THE CULTURE OF VIOLENCE IN TRADITIONAL AFRICA. Nigeria, Sefer Books Ltd. This is a collection of essays first presented at the Circle of Concerned African Women Theologians on February 5, 2002. These papers look at a variety of issues concerned with womens rights in Africa. The authors describe the realities of equal rights policies, sex and power, cultural roots of insecurity.Human Rights Watch (2002) THE WAR WITHIN THE WAR Sexual Violence against Women and Girls in Eastern Congo.USA Africa Watch/ Human Rights Forces on all sides in the Congo conflict have committed war crimes against women and girls, Human Rights Watch said in a new 114-page report. The report documents the frequent and sometimes systematic use of rape and other forms of sexual violence in the Rwandan-occupied areas of eastern Congo.Balakrishnan Rajagopal.( 2003) International Law from Below Development, Social Movements and Third World Resistance. United States, Cambridge University Press.The emergence of transnational social movements as major actors in international politics as witnessed in Seattle in 1999 and elsewhere has sent shockwaves through the international system. Many questions have arisen about the legitimacy, ropiness and efficiency of the international order in the light of the challenges posed by social movements.This ground-breaking book offers a fundamental critique of twentieth-century international law from the berth of Third World social movements the first ever to do so. It examines in detail the growth of two key components of modern international law international institutions and human rights in the context of changing historical patterns of Third World resistance.Using a historical and interdisciplinary approach, Rajagopal presents compelling evidence challenging current debates on the evolution of norms and institutions, the meaning and nature of the Third World, as well as the political economy of its involvement in the international system.

Political Events and Shipping Demand Essay Example for Free

Political Events and Shipping Demand EssayIntroduction Modern exaltation is the life-blood of the world without it, much of the demand for imports and exports would not be met. In 2006, world seaborne allot was estimated to surrender reached 30,686 billion ton-miles, having grown by 5. 5% over the previous year. Despite the prevalence of air transport, up to 90% of world trade is carried over the oceans in humble ships. The demand for seaborne trade is driven primarily by the world thrift various industries produce the goods that need to reach different parts of the world. In its most recent World Economic Outlook , the International Mo shed light onary Fund (IMF) forecasted ball-shaped growth of 3. per cent for the rest of 2008, lower by 0. 2 per cent from the previous months estimate. In spite of the dip, the world economy is passive growing annually, led by the emerging markets that are hungry for resources to fuel their growth. Beyond the economy, there are several another(prenominal) factors that determine demand for transport. This make-up seeks to evaluate the role of policy-making events and its impact. In addition, it seeks to look into which commodity is most bear on by such incidents. In his book, Maritime Economics, Martin Stopford writes that no discussion of sea transport demand would be complete without reference to the impact of politics.In the following paragraphs, this paper will address the main types of events that affect transportation demand both positively and adversely. 2. 0Political events that engender affected shipping demand the most 2. 1Opening-up of the Chinese economy The accession of mainland China into the ranks of the World Trade makeup (WTO) and Beijing winning the bid to multitude the Olympics in 2001 were events that had large political motivations and caused a tremendous jump in demand for shipping. Since then, Chinas economy has seen astronomical growth.In order to fuel this development, the country has increased both its imports and exports in approximately every industry. This has taken the world by storm as countries the world over compete to feed and fuel the worlds most populous country. Hence, seaborne trade and demand for shipping worldwide has been skyrocketing as a result of Chinas booming economy. 2. 2War and the economic embargoes Conversely, war and economic embargoes and sanctions are the leading cause of a drop in marine activity. In broad terms, the hostilities in the Middle-East region realize led to disruptions in movements of oil shipments to the developed world.In the 1950s, the Suez Crisis between Britain, France and Israel against Egypt, led to the diversion of ships around the pall of Good Hope to avoid the tensions. Two decades later on 17 October 1973, the ongoing Yam Kippur War caused the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries to stop shipping oil to nations that supported Israels war efforts. The impact of this embargo on shipping was the collapse of the oil tanker market and led to a serial publication of recessions and periods of high inflation that persisted until the 1980s. Other examples would include the Korean War in 1950 and the Gulf War in the early 1990s. . 0Commodities affected Crude oil accounted for 26. 9 per cent of total goods loaded in 2006. Due to the sheer quantity of oil being shipped worldwide, any political event jeopardizing seaborne trade would normally entail oil shipments being affected. This is because the resource is abundant in only certain parts of the world the Middle-East is one such region that is plagued with rogue political regimes and instability. In the above-mentioned events in the region, the hostilities resulted in disruptions to the oil trade and consequently, oil price.This would be discussed in the section on Iran. Another sector that would be affected would be the metal industry trades and in particular, that of straighten out ore. Western Australia and Brazil are major exporters of iron ore to growing markets like China which need it for its move development. 4. 0Opening of Chinas economy Since the 1970s, China has been gradually introducing economic reforms and providing enterprises with autonomy. However, it was only in the utmost 2 decades that the worlds 2nd largest economy has assailable itself up to greater foreign investment and world trade.This was carried out through the relaxation of import and export controls and trade reforms in the form of reduced tariffs. alone this led to a significant milestone for China and the world its ascension into the ranks of the WTO on 11 December 2001. In addition, Beijing won the bid to host the 2008 Olympics that same year. These 2 events throw off set the stage for Chinas rapid development. In the following paragraphs, this paper will explain its effects on the world and global trade and shipping.Based on a working paper by the IMF written in 2004, the international impact of Chinas ascension int o the WTO is far reaching. Firstly, sustaining the growth of China would provide benefits to its trading partners beyond the processing of trade, there has been significant growth in imports for municipal use and outgoing tourism. Secondly, Chinas insatiable thirst for energy and metal imports have since fuelled the rapid rise in imports of such commodities. Lastly, multinational companies are tapping into the large domestic market especially with the freeing up of the countrys banking sector.This paper believes that Chinas meteoric rise over the last two decades and to a greater extent significantly, since the dawn of the new millennia, have created a surge in demand for world seaborne trade and shipping. 4. 1Chinas role in transforming Western Australia and beyond As a result of Chinas booming steel industry, Australian exports of iron ore to China reached more than A$4 billion last year. BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto, two of the worlds largest resource companies, share the metal- rich Pilbara of Western Australia to feed Chinas demand. The latter is hoping to double its 2007 iron-ore production in four years.This dig boom in the traditionally sleepy side of Australia spells good news for its economy and residents. In an interview with the Economist , Eric Ripper, finance minister of Western Australia, tell that his defer has been fighting to bring in a A$9 one thousand thousand surplus seven years ago. Last year, the countrys largest state (by land area) grew by 6. 3%, twice that of the entire country. In addition, it now boasts a healthy surplus of A$2 billion. Besides iron ore, China has a tremendous hunger for other natural resources. All across the world, Chinese firms are finding new sources for crude oil, natural gas, metal and coal.Ships have been queuing off Newcastle in Australia to load cargo bound for China at one point in June 2007, the queue was 79 ships long . In short, the rise in import demand by the Mainland has helped countries in Latin America and Africa grow their own economy. Another country that has seen business grow is the shipping giant of Greece. 60 per cent of Chinas imports of raw materials and energy are carried on the backs of Greek ships. Greek ship owners want to capitalize and many have made orders to build ships in China which has caused the order books of the large manufacturers to bulge and many smaller players to join in the fray. . 2Chinas effect on shipping demand In terms of shipping, China is a force to be reckoned with. Just 2 years after connexion the WTO, China handled 48 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) in 2003, an increase of 11 million TEUs the year before. This made the country the largest container shipping market for the first time with both Shanghai and Shenzhen joining the mega-port league of over 10 million TEUs throughputs . On two of the most important container trades from Asia to North America and Europe, mainland China and Hong Kong corner 60 per cent of the marke t share.More recently, with an increasing portion of Chinas imports of oil products coming from Latin America and West Africa, ton-miles demanded associated with this trade has increased. Referring back to the example of Australian iron ore, Chinas high volumes mean that Chinese companies are sourcing for metals from further abroad such as Brazil. In addition, China has always been a net exporter of coal. However, in the last few years, China has become a net importer this forces its neighbors to source for coal from further afield. All these factors serve to increase ton-miles demanded.It is important to line that though ton-miles demanded may increase, actual volume may remain unchanged. 5. 0Iran and the Strait of Hormuz The on-going tension between Israel, the United States of America (USA) and Iran over its suspected nuclear-weapons programme has brought well-nigh fluctuations in oil prices in recent times. Several factors have made this all the more pressing in the last few mo nths. These include a weakening Bush administration, Irans continued uranium-enrichment programme, a lackluster Western diplomatic approach to handling the situation and Israels jitters have embossed the idea of a possible war in the Middle-East.In retaliation to suggestions of a military strike, Iran has threatened to cut oil exports and close the Strait of Hormuz . This straitss importance lies in that it is the only viable path for much of the oil from the gulf to reach the rest of the world. By comparison, the Suez and Panama Canals are passages that have alternative albeit costlier, routes. A horseshoe-shaped body of water that stretches between Iran and the northern tip of Oman, the Strait is the only passage in and out of the Gulf. Every day, around 50 tankers carry between 4 million and 17 million barrels of oil and oil products through the 180km-long strait roughly 40 per cent of the worlds internationally traded supplies . If Iran were able to close this waterway by use of anti-ship missiles, only 3 million barrels would be able to be diverted via the Red Sea. Thus, oil and oil product shipment would be greatly hit worldwide. In addition to oil, Jebel Ali, a port-town in the United Arab Emirates, handles about half of all ocean trade between Europe and Asia. Currently, it is the largest port between Rotterdam and Singapore.Large portions of what enters some of these free zones in the gulf are transshipped to other parts of the world. Experts who have monitored the Suez Crisis in the 1950s and how it led to the Six-Day War understand that such an action from Iran would result in the Middle-East suffering economically. On a larger scale, the world would be face up with supply cuts in almost all goods. 6. 0Maritime terrorism Another threat to the maritime industry is terrorism at sea. Terrorism is broadly defined as attacks to create fear and often have an underlying belief that the terrorists want to spread.Since the world-changing September 11th attacks on the United States of America in 2001, many other acts of violence have been carried out with ships as targets. An example would be the infamous Al-Qaeda attack on the French oil tanker, the Limburg, in Yemen in 2002. much(prenominal) attacks create not only a sense of uncertainty in the shipping industry, but have raised the be of shipping as well. In the case of the Limburg, the insurance payout reached US$70 million . This example highlights the trend of insurance companies charging higher insurance premiums to shipping companies whose ships sail through more dangerous waters.As a result, shipping cost has risen over the years and this has led to a dip in demand. Amongst the main trunk routes that ships often ply, the greatest number of such incidents happens in the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca. These acts of terror also do not differentiate between the types of ships they target almost everything from boats to tankers has been looted for their cargo an d entire ships stolen. This paper would like to caution that the distinction between maritime terrorism and piracy is blurring. 7. 0Conclusion This paper has looked at examples of how political events have caused a stir in the maritime world.This is largely a result of the correlation between world trade, shipping and movement of commodities. Such incidents can scintillation both a decrease as well as an increase in demand for shipping. In the case of Chinas reforms towards a more open economy, trade between this country and the rest of the world has increased dramatically. This has spurred the shipping industry not just in terms of seaborne trade but in other forms such as ports and shipbuilding. Beyond its shores, it has helped to lift the economies of countries that enjoy a high level of trade with China.On the other hand, the tensions in the Middle-East have brought about uncertainty throughout the world over oil prices and world trade. The strategic position of the most hostil e nations in the region has assumption them leverage over the Western world in terms of threats to block the major waterway, the Strait of Hormuz. Lastly, the concerns over maritime safety and rising insurance costs to cover ships and their owners have caused a dip in demand for shipping. This is because of the higher costs now associated with shipping it is intuitive yet unfortunate that the worlds major shipping routes are also the most dangerous.

Power Through Propaganda in Animal Farm

Power Through Propaganda in Animal call downFrom the song Beasts of England to the command custodyts and their gradual changes, the main source of prop binglent through prohibited Animal Farm results from language and propaganda. Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a especial(a) political cause or point of view Because of Squealers use of this mechanism, and the manipulation of different characters, the reality for Animal Farm is shaped by the speech communication of the powerful. Although one could say that visuals are the strongest type of propaganda, Words are much more powerful. By demonstrating how easily convinced the animals of the farm are by powerful delivery or strong words, Orwell shows how people can fall victim and believe lies because of strong persuasive language or the power of words, without understanding the true intentions can the propaganda they are fed.One could say that the power of words is not the most authoritative type of propaganda. One could argue that pictures are more influential than words, because of tomography and visuals. But that is not the case.One example of the way that words are the most influential type of propaganda is the song, Beasts of England. Beasts of England Unifies the animals at the beginning of the story. The animals are drawn to words that give them a gross enemy and get in touch them. The song Beasts of England Uses the power of speech to make the animals whole tone as if they are all united. Even if theyve neer gotten along before. Tyrant Man shall be oerthrown, And the fruitful fields of England shall be trod by beasts aloneBright will shine the fields of England, Purrer shall its waters be (Orwell, George). These lyrics make the animals feel as if they are united, and better off without man. Calling men tyrants and evil, slice saying that the world will be a better place when men are gone, definitely affects how the animals sing ing this song will think.Another example of how strong words can be is Old studys speech. Old Major uses a Hobbesian figure when he declares Let us face it, our lives are miserable, laborious, and short. And he also speaks in Marxist terms when he declares that Man is the problem. provided get rid of Man, and the produce of our labor would be our own. Almost overnight we could be rich and free. What then must we do? Why, work night and day, embody and soul, for the overthrow of the human race That is my message to you, comrades. Rebellion(Robb, Paul H.) Old Major uses propaganda when convincing animals that they should all be against man. This type of propaganda is called pinpointing the enemy. This type of propaganda is used super often during wartime, and also in political campaigns and debates. This is an attempt to simplify a complex situation by presenting one specific group or someone as the enemy. Old Majors words This type of propaganda is shown in the commandments of a nimalism.Another way the animals are persuaded by words are the commandments and their changes. The Commandments were make with the intention to unite all animals in mutual equality while identifying the human race as the only significant enemy. The rules made were meant to make the animals feel as if they were in a new, organized political Utopia. However, the words used to sway the animals were not going to stay equal for all. Eventually, the ravens establish themselves as leaders over the other animals. These masses are cleverly displayed through Squealers doubletalk and kept content, initially, by their share in the benefits that follow from increased labor (Laurie Lanzen Harris). Squealer is a pig on Animal Farm. Squealer spins stories into showing how great napoleon is and showing everyone how he can do nothing wrong, or how everything he does is for the greater good of the animals, when its actually for his personal gain or just for the pigs. One example is when Squealer co mmented on The war between the three farms. .Russia entered the European war on the posture of the Allies (culminating in victory for the Soviet Union, as Squealer claims for Animal Farm, though the only victory was in gaining back what they had before), increasing attempts were made by Stalin to achieve some level of entente, or agreement, with the other Allied nations. A series of meetings were held between the leaders of the various nations, and one particular conference resulted in the protracted Cold War. This conference is represented in the novel by the meeting between the pigs and the humans at the end, at which a quarrel breaks out over cheating at cards (Fitzpatrick, Kathleen). Squealer tells the animals that they had won the war. However, they had not really won anything. The animals do not get mad, however, because squealer strayed them from the truth. He made the animals believe that they had won a war that was unnecessary and unhelpful. One story that squealer drastic ally changes is boxers death.All the animals were working on a windmill. However, while working, boxer gets injured. , and all the animals believe Squealers lies. Especially at Boxers betrayal and tragic death, as well as soon after each suit Squealer appears, making the animals feel as if the death was excusable, constructing his versions of events, and explaining that what happened was justified, or what they just say was not what really occurred. Out of context the idea that a pig on hind legs, wiping hot tears from his eyes in memory of a departed friend, is absurd. Butit assumes a very sinister note. Orwells very silence would reckon to carry much weight here, it is in such marked contrast to the agitation in the novel (Elbarbary, Samir). However, although the speech is now negative toward the rest of the animals, (representing the common people), the way Squealer adapts the stories of Boxers death so the animals are persuaded to think that its ok. This has been done with the power of words, therefore it is the strongest type of propaganda.In conclusion, The animals in Animal Farm are persuaded by the most influential type of propaganda, the power of words. This is because of squealers persuasion of the animals, the changing of the commandments, and the song Beasts of England. Some may say that imagery is the most influential type of propaganda, but that is not true. The animals in Animal Farm are the most persuaded by the power of words.Works CitedRobb, Paul H. Animal Farm Overview. part Guide to English Literature, edited by D. L. Kirkpatrick, 2nd ed., St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource nerve centerFitzpatrick, Kathleen. An overview of Animal Farm. Literature Resource Center, Gale, 2016. Literature Resource CenterElbarbary, Samir. Language as Theme in Animal Farm. Short Story Criticism, edited by Joseph Palmisano, vol. 68, Gale, 2004. Literature Resource Center

Discrimination Essay Effects of Discrimination

Discrimination Essay Effects of DiscriminationAs far as historic records show, no society or nation has been immune to favouritism, either as victim or victimizer. Contemporary forms of dissimilitude date back to when European colonizers penetrated and transform previously isolated societies and peoples. The more essential forms of discriminative practices include genocide, slavery, legislated discrimination (such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Apartheid), discriminatory immigration laws, and disenfranchisement. Less extreme forms of prejudice and discrimination, but until now pervasive and oppressive, include social exclusion at the institutional level (such as in schools and hospitals), and the more subtle forms practised by the media. some(a) groups progress to suffer from more persistent forms of discrimination, such as Jews (as in anti-Semitism) and the Roma (a.k.a. Gypsies), regardless of time and place.The keywords that need to be looked into before delving the topic in pas s are discrimination and disturbing. According to the Oxford Dictionary, disturbing means causing distress or worry or anxiety, upsetting, an unpleasant mental state by such effectuate as irritation, unfairness and distraction. Discrimination, brings the meaning unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice and partiality. It flowerpot tend to emotions such as frustration and anger. In humans, it is a mild or serious form of suffering, often with anger about this, in particular, if applicable, anger at the person or persons who caused it. This essay examines the cause and effects of discrimination in its various forms, on an individual, society or nation.Our world has al elbow rooms been faced with the occupation of discrimination. It is one of the most discussed topics nowadays and throughout history. In all countries there is most likely at least one type of discrimination that affects unalike groups of people. The definition of discrimination is the denial o f opportunity or equal rights for a specific group of people that may be variantiated by things such as their religion, color of skin, or gender. Discrimination can be confused with other terms such as prejudice and stereotype. The world we live in has been struggling with this sensitive subject for as long as we have recorded. Stereotypes are images held in our minds in regards to certain racial or cultural groups, without love of whether the images held are true or false. Stemming from stereotypes is prejudice. The prejudicial attitude occurs when we prejudge a person, good or bad, on the basis that the stereotypes associated with the person or group be prejudged are true. Discrimination is the combination of the terms mentioned above, but involves actually acting out with unfair treatment, directing the action towards the person or group. Prejudice and discrimination do not just occur racially, but it is put together among gender, religion, culture, and geographical backgroun d. Remember that prejudice is a resolvent of attitude and discrimination is a result of action.Many people believe discrimination has made big steps forward, but has it really? If it has, why do people still get turn down, receive hate mail, or get ridiculed simply because they differ from each other. I guess these are questions we must ask ourselves. I guess you could in add-on ask yourself if you have ever called anybody a name, looked at them different or judged them when you did not even know them or understand them. You may be mentation That is not discrimination, but, in fact, it is.CAUSE AND EFFECTS OF DISCRIMINATIONThere are many forms of discrimination, besides the more familiar forms like race and gender, based on ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, age , disability or handicap, and sexual harassment. The mentioned characterization refers to a situation of the direct discrimination, in which a person is treated adversely at a time on the basis of a prohibited gro und. Indirect discrimination, refers to a situation in which an apparently neutral provision or practice is discriminatory in its effects. Besides direct and indirect discrimination, we may use the term institutional discrimination. Institutional discrimination refers to the practices or procedures in a company or an institution, or even the society as a whole, which are structured in a way that tends to produce discriminatory effects, for example in the Apartheid regime in South Africa.As to the root cause, discrimination appears to be no clear acceptance of any theory of causation but that discrimination often causes a chain reaction of disadvantages. For instance, it should be noted that there is a connection as well as between discrimination and social distance, given that it is usually psychologically easier to distinguish against people that one is not familiar with.Although there is no wide agreement as to the cause of discrimination, there is a consensus that they constitu te a intimate behavior. The internalization of discrimination starts with parents and, later, teachersthe groups primary in the formation of attitudes within children. The media and social institutions solidify discriminatory attitudes, giving them social legitimacy, since discrimination is learned. At best, one can bowdlerize discrimination. Society looks most often to education and legislation to alleviate discriminationfor reasons still not clearly known, intergroup contact alone is not enough to reduce discrimination. On one hand, multicultural education, whether direct or indirect, constitute the mainstay of educational efforts to eliminate discrimination. On the other hand, the emphasis on civil rights, pundit immigration policies, and mandates for quota hiring are the cornerstone of legal approaches to alleviating the effects of discrimination. The most overlooked area in resolving the problems of discrimination lies in the web of close relationships where true(a) feelings of love can be fostered and strengthened.Discrimination produces immense effects in the psychological, social, political, and economic domains. Whether intended or not, the effects are compounded by the deviation of self-worth, a sense of alienation from the wider society, political disempowerment, and economic inequalities. Prejudice and ethnic hostilities constitute a major danger to peace both within a nation and among nations. As a consequence, the emergence of a new global moral order increasingly provides a leverage point to counter the effects of prejudice and discrimination. While many agree that the various international instruments to protect people against prejudice and discrimination are still not universally followed or even implemented, it is clear that a new international consciousness is indeed emerging and is, in fact, intensifying.The effects of discrimination in society are reflecting on race, religion, and disable discrimination. One of the main reasons cause v iolence is race discrimination. It is easy to find evidence from Hollywood movies. The black people always fight with whiten people because they were discriminated. Now in Australia, the aborigines are discriminated. Many people do not understand their culture, so the Australian looks down on these people. In addition religion discrimination can endanger the world peace. Different religion has different god and the numbers of believers are huge. Once the conflict between different religions break out, which can easily cause a world war. Discrimination is about exclusion an d subordination and it effectively conveys an explicit message of differentness and lower rank of the victim Humiliation.Studies carried out in the field of racial discrimination provide also direct proof of this humiliating nature of discrimination, as it has been found that experiences of racism and racial discrimination have a direct bearing to the psychological well-being of persons w ho have suffered ethn ic discrimination such experiences were found to increase symptoms related to anxiety and depression. There are no reasons to believe that the same would not apply with regard to the other grounds as well.Victims of discrimination cope with these experiences in a variety of ways. As a response to experiences of discrimination, victims often consciously or unconsciously develop a strategy of survival. Some engage themselves in what might be called denial of discrimination. They may explain the incident in terms other than discrimination, or even believe that the discriminatory framework was legitimate, blaming themselves for what happened. One very typical strategy of survival is avoidance, by way of which an individual seeks voluntarily to avoid situations in which the probability to end up discriminated against is particularly high, by way of self-imposed restrictions. From the point of view of the society this is not however a desirable strategy, as lessened social contacts nai l the possibility of integrating vulnerable groups to the general society. Discrimination leads to disunity which results in the dissolving of society, through strife and war. World peace will elude our grasp maculation discrimination continue to bedevil the collective life of humanityCONCLUSIONDiscrimination runs against the most fundamental values of a modern society. In fact, it is a threat to democracy, which is predicated on the idea of a society in which arbitrary hierarchies and preferences based on, for example gender, ethnic origin, and wealth have been eliminated with a view to achieving equality. country recognizes worth and equal rights of all whereby, equality prohibits discrimination which is also the cornerstone of human rights.Discrimination not only forms a menace to the society, but also to the individual who is subjected to such an adverse treatment as it is a direct denial of the equal worth of the victim. It is a violation of a persons identity. The consequenc es of discrimination conform to the severity of the offence, a causal link to alienation, exclusion, radicalization and decreasing psychological well-being.Therefore, discrimination is wrong because it is selfish. Discrimination throughout the world today occurs to many extremes. From one extreme to another, it is in any way wrong. Discrimination is happening all over the world, today for many reasons. One being because parents have taught their children to believe and think the way they do. The only thing we can do about it is to raise our children to not discriminate against others. It could lead to more tension and fighting within people and groups. To marrow up, the discrimination can cause many problems. The government should constitute laws to avoid it, and society should also set up some organizations, programs or communities to help instal a better plateau rid of discrimination.

Benefits of Flexitime in the Public Sector

Benefits of Flexi eon in the Public SectorFlexible schooling duration is a new modal value of dress condition which has its root from the German word Gleitzeit which means sliding sentence. It may be defined as a variable get to memorial which every(prenominal)ows persons to fulfill their obligations outside a rigid frame doing of clipping. Flexitime eitherows an employee to choose the time when he pull up stakes start work and when he will finish precisely with a vegetable marrow time when everybody mustiness be present which is normally a period of four to six hours in the middle of the traditional work schedule(Rubin,1979).Flexitime has been basically categorized into three types namely, gliding or variable time where the employees can change their arrival and departure time whenever they want as huge as they argon present for a shopping center period of time. Flextour to a fault allows workers to change their arrival or departure time but they must find out in ad vance when they will arrive and depart for a period of 1 or two weeks. Here also there is a core period to cover. A third type of flexitime is a completely bendable one where there is no core period. Employees can come and depart as long as a cover a set number of hours per week or per month(Estes,1990).A basic model of flexitime may be summarized as belowA bandwidth which is the earliest time at which employees start work up to the advancedst finishing time (e.g. 6.00 am to 6.30 p.m).A core time within which all employees argon present at work (e.g. 10.00 to 12.00 a.m and 2.00 to 4.00 p.m). In fact it is oversight who usually set the core time whereas the flexible time is decided by the employee based upon mutual consent (Nadler et al,2010).A flexible band of hours during which the employees might vary the time of starting work in the good morning and/or the time of quitting work in the afternoon .Banking, which permits the employees to accumulate excess or shortage of hours w orked.The introduction of flexitime in the Public Sector has been a checkmate of big debate since a very long time. Various studies have been make on this subject in many countries. Nowadays, many governing bodys are in a state of change and given the rapid development in the business environment worldwide, the need for managing employees in effect(p)ly was never as significant as it is today. Moreover, increased globalization, technological evolution, new laws and regulations, changing economic and social environment are all pressing organizations to be more competitive and finding break out ways of collaborating and ensuring a harmonious relation between management and employees. Trust has to be built in corporate governance, in business strategies and in the succeeding(a) mastery of work and also in the skills, abilities and desires of the workforce.The aim of this paper is to debate on the whole opinion of flexitime, also defined in some text file as flexible work arran gements. The objectives of the research are summarized as followsWhy the need for flexitimeTo show the impact of flexitime in the life of civil servantsTo show whether flexitime reduces latent hostility and increases job satisfaction and staff moraleTo show if it gives rise to more efficient work practices by improving productiveness and effectanceSeek to examine whether flexitime suspensors workers to reconcile work with family responsibilitiesWhether flexitime helps in reducing lateness and absenteeismWhether flextime contributes in reducing the need for overtimeTo demonstrate whether flexitime enhances motivation of employees at their workplaceTry to analyse the concept from both a management and employee point of horizonSeek to analyse its advantages and disadvantages both to management and to employeesThe information has been extracted both from the private and in the public eye(predicate) sectors.Background and overview several(predicate) studies have been carried out in many countries on the concept of flexitime and each one has come up with its own conclusions. During the 1960s there was a hollow shortage in Germany. ChristelKraemerer then came up with the concept of flexitime to encourage ho drug abusewives and mothers to join the labour market to address this particular problem. Thus the strict rule of standard work schedule no longer exists where more than 75% of the workforce are for flexible working schedule( Kattenbach et al., 2010). By 1972 the United States had started flexitime on a archetype rear end(Rubin,1979). In 2003 the UK government passed a legislation giving the right to employees having children under six or having disabled children under eighteen, to request a flexible work arrangement and by April 2007 the law included this facility to carers of adults(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flextime). William R. Estes had come up with a meta- digest of the effects of flexitime over a large number of circumstances. He do use of resul ts of previous research articles to demonstrate the effects of flexitime on absenteeism, productivity, overtime cost, leisure/family time, job satisfaction, role conflict, turnover, transport problems, and the desire to continue the use of flexitime. The meta analysis concluded that it was easier to implement flexitime in small organizations than in bigger ones. This is mainly cod to the complexity of larger organizations and to the number of employees compared to smaller organizations. It also showed that flexitime increases job satisfaction, reduces absenteeism and abuses on caters entitlement, improved employee behavior. moreover, on the other hand it did not have big effect on productivity.Flexitime is also perceived as being a advance(a) tool for managing resources more effectively, efficiently and economically(Khamkaya and Sloan,2009). In todays competitive world people is seen to be one of the key resources which can bring success to an organization(wickramasinghe and Jay abandhu, 2007). In this context, the effective management of human resources is an important feature in the adoption of flexitime in an organization.A study on the implementation of flexitime in the Scottish Local Authorities showed hesitancy on the part of employees collect to cultural change, inadequate support from the current organizational policy. Changing a long lasting culture in an organization is perhaps one of the most difficult task an organization and management can face. Although there are many goods pertaining to the adoption of flextime, the success obtained in one organization does not guarantee that it will work in other governings also. Management, employers perception, employees perception, the working environment will play a big role and will vary from one organization to the other.Flexitime was introduced in an IT sector in Sri Lanka which put more emphasis on people management. Effective human resource management contribute highly to the realization of capit al growth and technological expansion. several(prenominal) studies have shown that female workers are more in favour of flexitime as it helps them to consecrate more effectively their work and their private life commitments. When both parents are working in a family there is a greater need for flexitime as it enables them to right handle their family responsibilities and any other commitments they may have for example, the pursuance of higher studies. Employees were all in favour of flexitime and would like to have it in all workplaces. Employers were able to have the trust of employees, their full commitment and increase their potential. Welch and Gordon(1980) had found that flexibility encouraged employees to remain with the corresponding employer for longer. However, the sri Lankan study revealed that this was not necessarily the case. It must be emphasized that the Sri Lankan study is more recent and was conducted twenty seven years later where many changes have occurred in the working environment and conditions. too concerning the gender issue other studies suggested that female workers were more in favour of flexitime, the findings in the Sri Lankan context revealed that there were no significant differences between males and females perceptions. Management systems are modernizing and there is a need to develop strategies like flexitime in a globally competitive environment(Wickramasinghe, Jayabandu (2007)).Flexitime has also been implemented throughout the Queensland public sector since 1996. But this study revealed that flexitime created much frustrations among employees. This was mainly due to the arising of long working hours and inadequate time off. Employees were allowed to bank their excess hours worked up to a maximum of thirty hours. Some employees accumulated up to 800 excess hours and could not take it as there was a significant lack of staff. But there were other areas in the same organization where staff were able to take timeoff due to to the conscious decisions of managers. Also flexitime caused a decrease in socialization in the workplace as colleagues could not meet their friends as each had his own time of coming and going and winning breaks. There was also lack of proper regulations to monitor the system. The study showed the importance of regulation and good management of the system to increase employee welfare. Although there are great benefits from flexitime it can also have detrimental effects if it is not properly managed(http//www.freepatentsonline.com).A study on flexitime in the National Health Services (NHS) in UK showed that it brought much happiness to employees. It was studied as an aspect of Improving works Lives (IWL) standard in an NHS Acute Trust. Over a third of the employees considered the implementation of flexitime as a give and take approach. They felt that they have to and they wanted to perform break away in return of the advantages they got from the flexible arrangements. They perc eived much happiness as they felt that they were well treated and valued and that there was a reducing of stress in their daily lives. However the study had a limited conception. It laid emphasis on only one aspect, that is IWL (Atkinson and Hall, 2011). Sanchez et al.,(2007) have said tractableness is a source of competitive advantage. Enhancing flexibility may be costly in the short run, but it gets easier over time. Firms become more flexible because their managers strain the importance of flexibility and because they practice being flexible. A self-reinforcing process then begins.The Implementation of Flexitime in the Mauritanian public sectorThe introduction of flexitime in the Mauritian Civil Service has been advocated since 1993 by the Pay Research Bureau so as to solve the problems of late arrivals in office due to traffic congestion and other family problems. In its report of 2003 the PRB has recommended that subject to the approval of the Minis guess of Civil Service Af fairs and Administrative Reforms and after consultation with the staff side, Ministries/Departments/Organisations should expedite the introduction of flexitime where need exist and resources permit. Flexitime would normally not be applicable to certain categories of officers due to the nature of their duties, for exampleOfficers operating on a shift system, roster basis and staggered hoursOfficers in the manual gradesOfficers in the disciplined forceOfficers in the education sectorA survey had also been undertaken in this context. The conclusions were that organisations which had adopted flexitime had been effective in combating excessive/regular tardiness. The absence of a computerised system of attendance and additional resources required were one of the major hindrances for its application in other sectors. Lack of command was also an issue. Those working in teams also dont find it suitable to their needs and it was also difficult to evaluate work performed after normal working hours in terms of productivity.Some Chief Executives have made some favourable observations. They say that flexitime can increase productivity, improve performance and reduce overtime costs if used judiciously and effectively. It can also increase efficiency and improve quality of life of employees. It can also combat lateness and prevent abuse of leave by officers and is a good management tool (PRB Report 2008).The report has further laid emphasis on the responsibility of management and employees in the public sector.Management ResponsibilitiesThe PRB has spelt out the responsibilities of management on the application of flexitime as follows(a) introduction of irregular workweek whereby employees have early arrival times and late departure times(b) ensuring that there is adequate office coverage during official hours and that customer service and work requirements are not adversely affected by employee participation in alternative work schedules(c) ensuring that employee participa tion in alternative work schedules is equitable and consistent across work units within the organization(d)complying with all procedural requirements on certification of time and attendance and work schedules(e) communicating and seeking mutual agreement with the employees on work schedules(f) planning office work flow to ensure that there is productive work for employees to perform(g) suspending an employees alternative work schedule when workload requirements, temporary duty, or training preclude participation(h) communicate employees as soon as practicable of any modifications in work schedule(i) making a concerted effort to schedule office meetings during core hours and(j) to ensure monitoring and supervision in establishing work hours, prohibit abuses and take corrective measures if abuses occur.Employees ResponsibilitiesThe responsibilities of the employees on the introduction of flexitime as pointed out in the PRB Report 2003 are as follows(a)complying with all procedural re quirement regarding certification of time and attendance and work schedules to which they are assigned(b)communicating and seeking mutual agreement with the supervisor on work schedules and maintaining records of daily time and attendance in accordance with office procedures.Advantages of FlexitimeThere are many advantages resulting from the introduction of flexitime. And it is beneficial to employees, employers and management.The advantages of flexitime from a point of view of managementImprovement in productivityWith the implementation of flexitime it is felt that absenteeism and turnover are reduced, and job satisfaction is improved in an organisation. Flexitime is also associated with increased productivity and morale and reduced absenteeism.OvertimeThe need for overtime is not felt as employees can manage busy and slack periods. Management can also do a saving on item of overtime. Moreover, completion of lengthy work assignments can be completed without resorting to overtime .E fficiencyFlexitime can help employees to combine their work and personal responsibilities, and can help workflow to be managed more efficiently.(a) domestic matters can be dealt with in employees own time(b) expand of employees time keeping is readily available( c) the existence of a scheme can act as a positive tool in enlistingThe advantages of flexitime from employee perspectiveReduces stress and fatigueIt relieves officers of their stress and help them to better manage the balance between work commitments, family responsibilities and lifestyle choices to the advantages of the services. It helps employees to better cope with both the work and the household and child care responsibilities. It also makes travelling easier out of peak hours.Greater staff morale and job satisfactionFlexitime promotes happiness Employees perceive that flexible work schedule brings them joy (Atkinson and Hall,2010). They are also able to vary working time thus enjoying time-autonomy which positively influence performance. This autonomy acts as incentive to job satisfaction. There is also a team spirit and morale is high.Reduces delayed arrival caused by traffic congestionFlexitime allows you to schedule your travel and time to avoid congestionMore in control of their workloads and manage a better balance between personal life and workAllows bank time ( accrued flex balance hours) to be used for leisure/ personal activities. Increased opportunity to fit other commitments and activities in with work, and make better use of their free time. Personal matters therefore can be sorted without having to take time off. Todays workforce increasingly consists of women and workers in alternative family structures such as virtuoso headed and dual earner families. Faced with more pressing demands from both the workplace and home these employees often divide time between these two competing interest. Among those likely to benefit to greater workplace flexibility are prime working age women, women household heads, and employees in two earner families.Advantages from Employer PerspectiveFlexitime takes away the easy audited account of who is punctual and who is not. It makes the employee accountable for his own timekeeping and makes rigid timekeeping by the supervisor unimportant.It shifts focus of management from monitoring of attendances to productivity of the employee.It leads to joint accountability of workers and management .Absenteeism is reduced and in many cases the need for overtime is not felt.Retention of employees who seek flexible work arrangement (Nadler et al, 2010)Workers feel more responsible to the organisation and an atmosphere of federation between employer and employee develops.Although flexitime is the most popular way of varying daily hours it has its limitations, and is not suitable for all job roles and workplaces, and other flexible options may provide better solutions. Flexitime works best, as with all alternative working patterns, as part of a package of options available to help employees balance their work and personal lives and the organisation meet its business objectives.However, this system has brought some difficulties in the work practice.The main disadvantages resulting from flexitime arePerceived loss of management controlExtra hours of supervision may be requiredThere is potential for abuse of the flexible work periodsGreater co-ordination of working arrangements is required to maintain coverCover is lessened due to additional time off under flexi leaveStaff who cannot be afforded flexible working hours experience resentmentCost of implementing control systems/equipmentAdditional work for personnel/supervisory staff e.g. inputting time credits for leave and adjustments, recording of flexi leaveTo what extent the introduction of flexitime can be successful in earth for Mauritius is still a question of big debate. Proper planning is very important. Although the Pay Research Bureau has recommended its implemen tation but what has been done and what is being done is still under consideration. From the literature review it is seen that all researches which have been conducted in this field there are varying views from different authors. Some have brought in the lead many advantages and others have noticed many drawbacks. Some employees have derived much satisfaction while others have experienced much frustration especially due to the long hours culture which has developed. Likewise some employers have seen major improvements in the quality of work while others are still sceptical as to the success of this strategy. Some are also fearful that it would lead to anarchy in production and that the costs of implementation would exceed the benefits. Through this paper we will try to analyse a general perception of flexitime in the Mauritian public sector and will it be really successful in our context taking into consideration all the constraints.

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Essay -- Papers Movie Film Citizen Kane E

Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Orson Welles produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, the classic masterpiece which communicates its original narrative through ground-breaking cinematography, lighting, music, setting, near and performances. The film has underlying symbols in every single zest, and uses innumerable cinematic devices to convey meaning. One of the many implications Citizen Kane makes is strongly embodied in the sequence of Kane and his married woman Susan at their palace, Xanadu. Welles choice of camera shots, mise-en-scene and movement in this sequence are used effectively to symbolize womens inferiority to men. The manner in which Susan Alexander is shot in this sequence is perhaps the most obvious indication as to how females are portrayed in this film. The majority of shots of Susan are medium or close-up shots in fact almost all of the close-up shots in the entire film are of Susan. These close shots, especially when taken in moder ate to high key lighting, fix Susan an air of youthfulness, vulnerabil...

Conflict in Wuthering Heights and La Belle Dame Sans Merci :: miscellaneous

Conflict in Wuthering senior high and La Belle Dame Sans MerciThe conflicting theme demonstrated throughout Wuthering Heights is remarkably similar to the theme implicit in La Belle Dame sans Merci. This conflict is in the form of appearances, Illusion vs. Reality and man vs. nature and is personified through the characters, as well as the coincidence of Gothic pealings in both texts. In Wuthering Heights this parallel is shown through Heathcliff, who is vulnerable after go head over heel for Catherine. Similarly in La Belle Dame sans Merci the Knight is in exactly the same position, as Heathcliff, as hes entranced by the beauty that is La Belle. Both La Belle and Catherine have an illusional, captivating appearance that charms Heathcliff and the Knight, yet reality strikes when their true personalities are shown through their wild, parlous nature thats personified by gothic surroundings. La Belle is described as, Full beautifula fairys child, her hair was long, her foot was li ght, and her eyes were wild. (14, 15, 16)This translation creates a conflicting idea of her, on one hand there is this fascinating, beautiful and innocent woman, yet on the other hand there is this routine with gothic qualities and frightening wild eyes referring to nature. This is comparable to Catherine, A wild, wick slip she wasbut she had the bonniest eye, the sweetest smile, and the lightest foot in the parish. (Chapter V, page42)Catherines depiction is of a wild, groundless creature yet at the same time a beautiful, sweet and childlike girl. The use of wild in both Catherine and La Belles descriptions shows their similarity in nature. The similarities of their descriptions of a charming, appealing appearances compared with their saucy, wild natures demonstrate the comparison of conflict within these texts. After meeting with the knight, La Belle allows him to temporarily make her his object of affection. kind of coyly, she returns this affection with her looks of love and sweet moans (19, 20).The consequences for the knight are disastrous, as hes caught in the snare of her beauty and wiles, blinding him to the warnings of the changes in nature that surround him. This is exactly the case of conflict in Wuthering Heights, where Heathcliff is entranced by Catherine and her beauty in the early stages of his life. This is disastrous, as he is fuelled by jealousy of others close to Catherine resulting in the majority of conflict present in the latter stages of the novel.